Motherboard Parts And Functions

Tutorial by Romeo Navarro

Chinese Scientists Create LiFi (Light Powered Internet)

Move over WiFi; successful experiments by a group of Xinhua, Shanghai based scientists have implied the possibilities of improving China’s online means by using the signals sent by light bulbs. This technology is called LiFi, a wireless communication using light as a carrier in place of the usual radio frequencies. This has the advantage of being able to use internet even near electromagnetic sensitive locations such as nuclear power plants and aircrafts, without causing any interference.

Earlier this month we reported about an experiment conducted by Chi Nan, a professor in Fudan University, Shanghai. Four computers in a one-wattage LED light were connected to the internet. Chi disclosed that a light bulb with inserted microchips was able to generate data rates with a speed of 150 mbps, faster than typical broadband in China. Chi under the information technology department of his university, is leading the research team for LiFi. This team includes researchers from the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics. Professor Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh was the first to demonstrate how a light bulb fitted with signal processing technology could stream high definition video to a computer. But his company released a statement suggesting they were just as surprised as everyone else about Chi’s claims of the connection speed.

LiFi offers a practical and resourceful solution for the local Chinese broadband. Chi reveals that the present wireless signal transmission is costly and inefficient. A big percentage of energy is also wasted on cell phone base stations, which consumes a lot of electricity on their cooling systems. Compared to these stations, there can be limitless number of light bulbs which can produce better broadband signals without consuming a lot of energy.

However, the team of scientists knew that this innovation still has a long way to go to be successful commercially.

“Wherever there is an LED light bulb, there is an Internet signal,” Chi says. However, turning off the light cuts the signal. Light, unlike radio frequencies, cannot go through walls. “If the light is blocked,” Chi continues, “The signal will be cut off”

Netizens are already anticipating the 10 sample kits which will be on display at the China International Industry Fair which will be launched on November 5 in Shanghai. LiFi is still under an experimental period.

[Image via Crewfone]

27 Oct 2013

Battery Basic: Rechargeable Battery Knowledge Base

Tell me a bit more about rechargeable batteries, how are they different from primary or throwaway batteries?
 
Rechargeable batteries are of the same sizes (AA, AAA, C, D, Sc and 9V) and are intended for everyday use are the throwaway or primary batteries people use. The advantage of rechargeable batteries is that they can be recharged and reused up to a thousand times and generally they greatly outperform standard everyday throwaway leading brand batteries. 

The fact that rechargeable batteries can be used again and again represents a massive saving over their useful life. Rechargeable NiMH batteries are also very popular simply due to the fact that they are extremely environmentally friendly. Once charged, these rechargeable batteries can be used in the same way as you would with your previously throwaway batteries of the same size.
  
Why should I buy NiMH rechargeable batteries?
 
Better performance in driving electronics and huge money saving are the two major reasons to buy NiMH (Nickel metal Hydride) rechargeable batteries. They can be charged up to 500-1000 times and last longer than alkaline or NiCd batteries. 

NiMH batteries are ideally compatible with most consumer devices such as digital cameras, game boys, CD players, RC vehicles, PDA’s, portable two-way radios, flash units and many more high drain devices. One set of relatively inexpensive NiMH rechargeable batteries can save you from buying thousands if throwaway alkaline batteries. 

What are the primary advantages of NiMH batteries over Alkaline or other rechargeable batteries?

NiMH Batteries Have the Following Advantages :

• Drive better performance with high-drain electronic devices
• Large capacity for longer device operation. NiMH rechargeable batteries can last 2-4 times longer than alkaline throwaway batteries or NiCd rechargeable batteries
• Long battery life, can be charged/discharged up to 500-1,000 cycles.
• Extremely low battery cost per unit of device operation (such as every photo taken or every hour CD is played), providing very low cost of consumables for your electronics.
• Stable performance due to flat discharge curve. NiMH battery will remain in high voltage during 80% of the usage cycle.
• No memory effect for easy charging and usage.
• Friendly to the Environment – no toxic chemical

 

What does battery “mAh” capacity mean?

mAh is a unit for measuring electric power over time. mAh is commonly used to describe the total amount of energy a battery can store at one time.

A battery rated for more mAh will power a phone for a longer amount of time, given the same usage pattern. The trade-off is that batteries with more mAh are generally also physically larger.

More technically, a higher mAh rating means the (fully-charged) battery can power a device that consumes more power and/or for a longer amount of time before becoming depleted and needing to be re-charged. For example, a battery rated at 1500 mAh can power a device drawing 100 milliamps for 15 hours, or a device drawing 150 milliamps for 10 hours.

The mAh capacity rating refers to the storage capacity available for a particular battery. A battery with a capacity rating of 1800 mAh could deliver a current of 1800mA for one hour. 

Higher mAh ratings for the same battery type will generally mean longer run times. This does not apply when comparing different types of batteries. This means that you may not be able to predict how long your electronic device will run just by looking at the capacity rating of a battery. When powering high drain electronic devices like digital cameras, computer peripherals, or portable music players, an alkaline battery will only deliver a small fraction of its rated capacity. 

For example AA alkaline batteries typically have a capacity rating of over 2,500 mAh and AA NiMH batteries have rated capacities of only 1,200 to 2,000 mAh. But when it comes to actually powering an electronic device like a digital camera, the NiMH batteries will often run the device for three or four times a long. Even comparing the capacity ratings of similar types of batteries won’t often work since different manufacturers can measure battery capacity in slightly different ways. 

A NiMH or NiCd battery is likely to deliver much closer to its rated capacity when it’s powering high drain devices. Alkaline batteries have a high rated capacity, but they can only deliver their full capacity if the power is used slowly. This means that a NiMH battery with a rated capacity of 1200 mAh can take many more photos than an alkaline battery with a rated capacity of 2,800.

How environmentally friendly are NiMH rechargeable batteries?

Rechargeable batteries have the greenest environmental credentials. Using rechargeable batteries reduces household waste massively. Globally, 15 billion ordinary batteries are thrown away every year, all of which end up in landfill sites. Rechargeable batteries can be reused again and again which significantly reduces the impact disposable batteries have on the environment.

How long can a rechargeable battery last over its life?

Let's say you are currently using ordinary throwaway batteries for your portable CD player and you replace the batteries once a week. For simplicity, let’s say there are 52 weeks in a year. You can recharge your NiMH rechargeable batteries 500 times.So the NiMH rechargeable battery can last 500 recharges / 50 weeks = 10 years. That means you could still be using the same batteries you buy today in 10 years time! Chances are that once you get into rechargeable batteries you will never use a throwaway again.

 

Resource:
http://www.all-battery.com/batterybasics.aspx

http://www.phonescoop.com/glossary/term.php?gid=194

Pentaksiran Kerja Kursus ICT

1. Bahan Kerja Kursus ICT SPM
    Bahan Kerja Kursus (Assessment Form 4 & 5)

2. Borang-Borang Pentaksiran
    Manual Pentaksir
    Individual Score Sheet (ISF)
    Score Sheet Form (SSF)
   

Gajet ICT Terkini

Zaman IT serba canggih sekarang ini, semua orang hanya mahukan yang terkini, terbaik dan semua yang hebat-hebat belaka. Kalau nak diikutkan, memang tak terdaya untuk mengikuti arus permodenan ini. Namun masyarakat Malaysia amat gemar mencari gajet terkini dan seolah-olah sudah menjadi suatu trend masa kini! Berikut dipaparkan entri terkini mengenai gajet-gajet tersebut.

Smartphone

HTC DLX incoming to challenge Samsung Galaxy Note 2

Games

Pentaksiran Kerja Kursus Tingkatan 4

Jadual Pentaksiran Kerja Kursus ICT Tingkatan 4

BIL	PERKARA	TARIKH	TINDAKAN
1 23 4 5	Guru membimbing pelajar memahami kandungan dan keperluan aspek kerja kursusPelajar melaksanakan aspek kerja kursusGuru menyemak dan memasukkan markah pelajar dalam Borang ACFPelajar membuat semula aspek kerja kursus tersebut sekiranya tidak mendapat markah penuh (sekiranya ada) Guru menyemak dan memasukkan markah terbaru pelajar dalam Borang ACF (sekiranya ada)		Guru ICT Tingkatan 4 Pelajar ICT Tingkatan 4
ASPEK	LA1.S01.1 Apply Correct Security Procedures Using Antivirus	Mac
	LA1.S01.2 Apply correct security procedures using anti-spyware	Mac
	LA1.S02.1 Locate and present information on the impact of ICT on society	Februari
	LA2.S03.1 Assemble the components of a personal computer (PC)	April - Mei
	LA2.S04.1 Install an operating system, application software and utility programs	Jun – Julai
	LA2.S05.1 Explain the latest open source software available and the latest development in ICT	Julai - Ogos
	LA3.S06.1 Crimp and test UTP cables	September
	LA3.S06.2 Configure and test network	September
	LA3.S07.1 Explain Latest development in networks and communications	September-Oktober
6	Guru mengisi markah pelajar ke dalam Borang ISF.M1	Februari – Oktober	Guru ICT Tingkatan 4
7	Guru mengisi markah pelajar ke dalam Borang BSF	Okt - Nov
8	Guru mendapatkan tandatangan pengesahan daripada Pengetua/PK1/Ketua Bidang bagi borang-borang berikut: I. ISF.M1 (Module 1)II. ISF.M2 (Module 2)III. ISF.M2 (Module 3)IV. BSF	AprilSeptemberNovemberNovember	Guru ICT Tingkatan 4 Pengetua/ PK1/ Ketua Bidang
9	Guru menyerahkan salinan borang BSF kepada Ketua Panitia	November	Guru ICT Tingkatan 4

What Is An IP Address?

No doubt you've heard the term "IP address." Unless you're a techie, though, you may not have more than a shadowy notion of what an IP address actually is or how it works. Let's explore the concept.

An IP address is a fascinating product of modern computer technology designed to allow one computer (or other digital device) to communicate with another via the Internet. IP addresses allow the location of literally billions of digital devices that are connected to the Internet to be pinpointed and differentiated from other devices. In the same sense that someone needs your mailing address to send you a letter, a remote computer needs your IP address to communicate with your computer.

"IP" stands for Internet Protocol, so an IP address is an Internet Protocol address. What does that mean? An Internet Protocol is a set of rules that govern Internet activity and facilitate completion of a variety of actions on the World Wide Web. Therefore an Internet Protocol address is part of the systematically laid out interconnected grid that governs online communication by identifying both initiating devices and various Internet destinations, thereby making two-way communication possible.

An IP address consists of four numbers, each of which contains one to three digits, with a single dot (.) separating each number or set of digits. Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255. Here's an example of what an IP address might look like: 78.125.0.209. This innocuous-looking group of four numbers is the key that empowers you and me to send and retrieve data over our Internet connections, ensuring that our messages, as well as our requests for data and the data we've requested, will reach their correct Internet destinations. Without this numeric protocol, sending and receiving data over the World Wide Web would be impossible.

IP addresses can be either static or dynamic. Static IP addresses never change. They serve as a permanent Internet address and provide a simple and reliable way for remote computers to contact you. Static IP addresses reveal such information as the continent, country, region, and city in which a computer is located; the ISP (Internet Service Provider) that services that particular computer; and such technical information as the precise latitude and longitude of the country, as well as the locale, of the computer. Many websites provide IP address look-up services to their visitors, free of charge. If you're curious about your own IP address, you can locate these websites by performing a Google search.

Dynamic IP addresses are temporary and are assigned each time a computer accesses the Internet. They are, in effect, borrowed from a pool of IP addresses that are shared among various computers. Since a limited number of static IP addresses are available, many ISPs reserve a portion of their assigned addresses for sharing among their subscribers in this way. This lowers costs and allows them to service far more subscribers than they otherwise could.

Static IP addresses are generally preferable for such uses as VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), online gaming, or any other purpose where users need to make it easy for other computers to locate and connect to them. Easy access can also be facilitated when using a dynamic IP address through the use of a dynamic DNS service, which enables other computers to find you even though you may be using a temporary, one-time IP address. This often entails an extra charge, however, so check with your ISP.

Static IP addresses are considered somewhat less secure than dynamic IP addresses, since they are easier to track for data mining purposes. However, following safe Internet practices can help mitigate this potential problem and keep your computer secure no matter what type of IP address you use.

IP Address: What Is DHCP?

As long as you're learning about your IP address, you should learn a little about something called DHCP—which stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Why bother? Because it has a direct impact on millions of IP addresses, most likely including yours.

DHCP is at the heart of assigning you (and everyone) their IP address. The key word in DHCP is protocol—the guiding rules and process for Internet connections for everyone, everywhere. DHCP is consistent, accurate and works the same for every computer. Remember that without an IP address, you would not be able to receive the information you requested. As you've learned (by reading IP: 101), your IP address tells the Internet to send the information that you requested (Web page, email, data, etc.) right to the computer that requested it.

Those incredible protocols

There are more than one billion computers in the world, and each individual computer needs its own IP address whenever it's online. The TCP/IP protocols (our computers' built-in, internal networking software) include a DHCP protocol. It automatically assigns and keeps tabs of IP addresses and any "subnetworks" that require them. Nearly all IP addresses are dynamic, as opposed to "static" IP addresses that never change.

DHCP is a part of the "application layer," which is just one of the several TCP/IP protocols. All of the processing and figuring out of what to send to whom happens virtually instantly.

Clients and servers

The networking world classifies computers into two distinctive categories: 1) individual computers, called "hosts," and 2) computers that help process and send data (called "servers"). A DHCP server is one computer on the network that has a number of IP address at its disposal to assign to the computers/hosts on that network. If you use a cable company for Internet access, making them your Internet Service Provider, they likely are your DHCP server.

Permission slips

Think of getting an IP address as similar to obtaining a special permission slip from the DHCP server to use the Internet. In this scenario, you are the DHCP client—whenever you want to go on the Internet, your computer automatically requests an IP address from the network's DHCP server. If there's one available, the DHCP server sends a response containing an IP address to your computer.

How DHCP works

The key word in DHCP is "dynamic." Because instead of having just one fixed and specific IP address, most computers will be assigned one that is available from a subnet or "pool" that is assigned to the network. The Internet isn't one big computer in one big location. It's an interconnected network of networks, all created to make one-on-one connections between any two clients that want to exchange information.

One of the features of DHCP is that it provides IP addresses that "expire." When DHCP assigns an IP address, it actually leases that connection identifier to the user's computer for a specific amount of time. The default lease is five days.
Here is how the DHCP process works when you go online:

1. Your go on your computer to connect to the Internet.
2. The network requests an IP address (this is actually referred to as a DHCP discover message).
3. On behalf of your computer's request, the DHCP server allocates (leases) to your computer an IP address. This is referred to as the DHCP offer message.
4. Your computer (remember—you're the DHCP client) takes the first IP address offer that comes along. It then responds with a DHCP request message that verifies the IP address that's been offered and accepted.
5. DHCP then updates the appropriate network servers with the IP address and other configuration information for your computer.
6. Your computer (or whatever network device you're using) accepts the IP address for the lease term.

Typically, a DHCP server renews your lease automatically, without you (or even a network administrator) having to do anything. However, if that IP address's lease expires, you'll be assigned a new IP address using the same DHCP protocols.

Here's the best part: You wouldn't even be aware of it, unless you happened to check your IP address. Your Internet usage would continue as before. DHCP takes place rather instantly, and entirely behind the scenes. We, as everyday, ordinary computer users, never have to think twice about it. We just get to enjoy this amazing and instantaneous technology that brings the Internet to our fingertips when we open our browsers. I guess you could say DHCP stands for "darn handy computer process"...or something like that.

What You Should Know About IP Address?

We figured that many of ICT students don't know a lot about IP topics—and why would you? For the most part, only IT (information technology) and computer-network types have the need to think about such things.

Still, sometimes the terminology and jargon used (and rarely explained) prevents us from understanding come cool computer stuff. And although most of us don't really care (or need) to learn more, others like being enlightened, instead of being left in the dark.
So, here is a brief list of facts regarding the abbreviation "IP."

1. IP ("eye-pea") is actually part of a longer abbreviation — TCP/IP. That stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. (We'll call it IP for short.)
2. IP stands for 'Internet Protocol.' A protocol is a guideline that must be followed in a set, specific way.
3. IP is actually networking software. It comes with your computer and it makes make it possible for you to interact with the Internet.
4. IP is the language of the Internet (so to speak): All IP networking software is identical throughout the world; that's why a computer in China can communicate with a computer in Canada.
5. IP is universal. No matter what kind of computer or networking hardware you're using, the IP processes work the same.
6. IP is versatile. Any computer, laptop or desktop, or printer on a network has IP software (and therefore an IP address).
7. The TCP/IP Protocols are actually a set (or stack) of protocols that work in sequence. Think of the set as a team of robot—soldiers who receive, handle and disburse data.
8. The Internet Protocol is at the heart of the network connectivity. It is also where IP address activity gets processed.
9. Any device on a network has and needs an IP Address. That address is a set of numbers and dots. Want to see yours right now? Click here.
10. Computers identify websites by their IP addresses. Fortunately for you, they typically go by their names, like  www.yahoo.com

Windows Movie Maker Tutorial

Tutorial by Russ Allen

Pedang Salahuddin Al-Ayubi Paling Tajam Di Dunia

 Barat sedang berusaha menghurai teknik ini

Pedang Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi
 
Pedang yang diakui paling tajam di dunia oleh pakar metalurgi. Ketajamannya mampu menembus baju zirah crusader, memotong dua pedang lawan, membelah perisai dan batu tanpa mengalami kerosakan pada matanya. Kehebatan pedang buatan Damsyik dan terkenal dengan panggilan Pedang Persia ini telah mengatasi kehebatan pedang Katana dari Jepun dan pedang Excalibur milik Raja Arthur.Pedang ini diperbuat besi baja "damarcus" dengan teknik rahsia yang disaluti CNT (Carbon Nano Tubes) yang menjadikan ianya AMAT TAJAM dan LENTUR. Seni pembuatan pedang yang terahsia ini amat dikagumi oleh puak Barat dan kajian metalurgi moden setakat hari ini juga, masih tidak berkeupayaan untuk menghasilkan pedang berteknologi tinggi (teknologi NANO) dari peradaban Islam pada kurun ke-12 ini.

Apa itu CNT?

CNT merupakan suatu rantaian atom karbon yang terikat di antara satu sama lain secara heksagonal berbentuk silinder yang mempunyai diameter sekecil 1-2 nanometer. Silinder CNT ini boleh mencapai panjang sehingga berpuluh-puluh mikron dan tertutup di bahagian hujung seolah-olah sebatang paip yang ditutup dikedua-dua hujungnya.

Pencirian yang dilakukan terhadap bahan ini juga menjelaskan bahawa CNT mempunyai kekuatan paling tinggi berbanding bahan lain. Ia juga mempunyai sifat kekonduksian elektrik melebihi kuprum dan logam. Keunikan tiub karbon nano yang lain ialah mempunyai ketahanan terhadap suhu tinggi serta mempunyai jisim yang lebih ringan dari aluminium.

Teknologi NANO

Kehebatan Pedang Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi telah dibongkar oleh Prof Dr. Peter Paufler dari Jerman. Prof tersebut menjumpai CNT di dalam pedang tersebut bersama senjata2 yang digunakan oleh tentera-tentera Islam pada ketika itu sewaktu perang Salib. CNT ini yang menjadikan pedang tentera Islam ini sangat tajam tetapi mudah lentur. Teknologi NANO ini menggunakan besi baja "damarcus" yang juga dipanggil wootz. Bijih besi ini mengandungi sejumlah peratusan unsur Karbon. Selain besi dan karbon, unsur-unsur seperti Kromium, Mangan, Kobalt juga ditambah bagi menambahkan lagi kekuatan, ketajaman dan kelenturannya.

Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi memimpin Tentera Islam dalam perang salib kurun ke-12.

Teknik pembuatan pedang ini begitu rahsia sehinggakan hanya beberapa keluarga tukang besi di Damsyik saja yang menguasainya. Akhirnya pada kurun ke-18, teknologi pembuatan pedang ini telah pupus. Apa yang tinggal hanyalah pedang-pedang, tombak dan Pisau yang kini tersebar di pelbagai Museum di seluruh dunia. Sekadar mengingatkan kita bahawa Teknologi Hebat Peradaban Islam ini telah hilang di telan zaman.

Wallahua'lam.

Introducing WANs

Tutorial by Anthony Sequeira

Primary & Foreign Keys

Tutorial by Eddie Woo

Computer System Hardware & Software

Tutorial by Julio Cesar Santos Lara

Membuat Kabel VGA Dengan Kabel UTP

Ok, kali ini kita akan explore lagi satu cara bagaimana hendak membuat kabel VGA menggunakan kabel UTP. Eksperimen ini adalah hasil carian dan pertanyaan melalui pakcik Google.   

Kabel VGA yang panjang dapat digunakan untuk menyambung LCD projektor  sama ada melalui output VGA splitter atau melalui sambungan terus ke VGA connector yang terdapat pada laptop/PC. Tanpa kabel ini tentu akan mendatangkan masalah kerana jaraknya yang panjang antara kedudukan laptop yang ada di bawah dengan LCD projektor yang tergantung di siling.

Baiklah, sebelum itu, kita kena sediakan komponennya dahulu iaitu:

1. Kabel LAN (CAT5e) - iaitu kabel yang biasa digunakan untuk  membuat sambungan jaringan LAN. Saya gunakan sepanjang 15 meter saja. Jangan terlalu panjang. Sebab semakin panjang kabel, maka signal akan semakin lemah.
 

Gambar 1: Kabel UTP

2. Dua biji VGA connector 15 pin male & female - ini adalah connector yang biasa digunakan untuk output VGA di mana bentuknya seperti huruf D yang terdiri dari 15 pin. Adapun nombor pin boleh dilihat pada badan connector tersebut.

Gambar 2: Front (male) dan Back (female) 

Kalau rajin pusing kat Plaza Low Yat, boleh beli kedua-dua connector di sana. 

Kalau nak jimat duit, boleh belasah kabel yang dah tak pakai kat sekolah anda. Potong dan buang housing connector. Macam mana nak buka housing tu... sendiri fikirlah!

Gambar 3: Kabel VGA dari kilang

Peralatan yang akan digunakan untuk kerja-kerja ini antara lainnya ialah alatan solder dengan timahnya, gunting, dan pemotong kabel (cutter). Itu saja yang diperlukan....

Di bawah ini adalah skema kabel dan pin yang harus disambung berserta warna kabelnya agar lebih mudah untuk solder kabel ke pin connector :

Pin 1 ---> Oren
Pin 2 ---> Hijau
Pin 3 ---> Biru
Pin 4 ---> Tidak digunakan
Pin 5 ---> Tidak digunakan
Pin 6 ---> Putih-Oren
Pin 7 ---> Putih-Hijau
Pin 8 ---> Putih-Biru
Pin 9 ---> Tidak digunakan
Pin 10 ---> Tidak digunakan
Pin 11 ---> Tidak digunakan
Pin 13 ---> Coklat
Pin 14 ---> Putih-Coklat
Pin 15 ---> Tidak digunakan 

Gambar 4: Cara pemasangan pin pada VGA dan kabel UTP

Sekarang kita boleh solder kabel mengikut warna pada connector masing-masing mengikut nombor pin seperti yang tertera pada gambar di atas. Jangan lupa ikut skema kabel.  

Gambar 5: Sambungan RJ45 ke VGA connector

# Perlu diingatkan bahawa dalam Gambar 5, ianya menunjukkan skema diagram bagi menyambung dari kabel UTP dengan VGA connector. Sambungan begini sesuai digunakan jika ingin membuat sambungan menggunakan kabel UTP di Video Splitter ke LCD atau monitor sahaja.

Gambar 6: Video Splitter

Ok, sekarang kita kembali semula kepada kerja kita untuk menyambung daripada VGA male ke VGA female. Boleh lihat contoh soldering di bawah.

Gambar 7: Contoh soldering

Semasa solder kabel tersebut, anda perlu berhati-hati sebab jarak pin sangat rapat. Seelok-eloknya anda solder dulu pada pin di bahagian tengah iaitu deretan pin 6, 7 dan 8. Kemudian barulah diikuti dengan pin 1, 2, 3... dan pin 13, 14.

Gambar 8: Siap dipasang dengan housing

Solder dengan kemas. Awas! Jangan sampai solder tersebut menyebabkan antara pin tersebut bersambungan satu dengan yang lain. Buat perlahan-lahan dan cermat. Insyaallah berjaya. 


Kalau dah siap, anda boleh uji dengan multitester untuk memastikan sambungan anda berjaya.


Selamat mencuba.......!!!!!


Inspirasi & Credit: http://dafiya606.blogspot.com

Computer Basics: Hardware

Tutorial by CTE Skills.Com

Introduction to DHCP

Tutorial by Eli

Introduction to Multimedia

Tutorial by Eddie Woo